/*
 *  linux/init/main.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
 *
 *  GK 2/5/95  -  Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
 *  Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
 *  Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
 *  Simplified starting of init:  Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org> 
 */

#define __KERNEL_SYSCALLS__

#include <linux/config.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/devfs_fs_kernel.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/utsname.h>
#include <linux/ioport.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/smp_lock.h>
#include <linux/initrd.h>
#include <linux/hdreg.h>
#include <linux/bootmem.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/kmod.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/workqueue.h>
#include <linux/profile.h>
#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
#include <linux/kallsyms.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/efi.h>
#include <linux/unistd.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/mempolicy.h>

#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/bugs.h>
#include <asm/setup.h>
#include <asm/timex.h>

/*
 * This is one of the first .c files built. Error out early
 * if we have compiler trouble..
 */
#if __GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 96
#ifdef CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER
#error This compiler cannot compile correctly with frame pointers enabled
#endif
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
#include <asm/smp.h>
#endif

/*
 * Versions of gcc older than that listed below may actually compile
 * and link okay, but the end product can have subtle run time bugs.
 * To avoid associated bogus bug reports, we flatly refuse to compile
 * with a gcc that is known to be too old from the very beginning.
 */
#if __GNUC__ < 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 95)
#error Sorry, your GCC is too old. It builds incorrect kernels.
#endif

extern char *linux_banner;

static int init(void *);

extern void init_IRQ(void);
extern void sock_init(void);
extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
extern void mca_init(void);
extern void sbus_init(void);
extern void sysctl_init(void);
extern void signals_init(void);
extern void buffer_init(void);
extern void pidhash_init(void);
extern void pidmap_init(void);
extern void prio_tree_init(void);
extern void radix_tree_init(void);
extern void free_initmem(void);
extern void populate_rootfs(void);
extern void driver_init(void);
extern void prepare_namespace(void);
#ifdef  CONFIG_ACPI
extern void acpi_early_init(void);
#else
static inline void acpi_early_init(void) { }
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_TC
extern void tc_init(void);
#endif

enum system_states system_state;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);

/*
 * Boot command-line arguments
 */
#define MAX_INIT_ARGS 32
#define MAX_INIT_ENVS 32

extern void time_init(void);
/* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
void (*late_time_init)(void);
extern void softirq_init(void);

/* Untouched command line (eg. for /proc) saved by arch-specific code. */
char saved_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];

static char *execute_command;

/* Setup configured maximum number of CPUs to activate */
static unsigned int max_cpus = NR_CPUS;

/*
 * Setup routine for controlling SMP activation
 *
 * Command-line option of "nosmp" or "maxcpus=0" will disable SMP
 * activation entirely (the MPS table probe still happens, though).
 *
 * Command-line option of "maxcpus=<NUM>", where <NUM> is an integer
 * greater than 0, limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in
 * SMP mode to <NUM>.
 */
static int __init nosmp(char *str)
{
        max_cpus = 0;
        return 1;
}

__setup("nosmp", nosmp);

static int __init maxcpus(char *str)
{
        get_option(&str, &max_cpus);
        return 1;
}

__setup("maxcpus=", maxcpus);

static char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;

static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
{
        struct obs_kernel_param *p;
        extern struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start, __setup_end;

        p = &__setup_start;
        do {
                int n = strlen(p->str);
                if (!strncmp(line, p->str, n)) {
                        if (p->early) {
                                /* Already done in parse_early_param?  (Needs
                                 * exact match on param part) */
                                if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
                                        return 1;
                        } else if (!p->setup_func) {
                                printk(KERN_WARNING "Parameter %s is obsolete,"
                                       " ignored\n", p->str);
                                return 1;
                        } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
                                return 1;
                }
                p++;
        } while (p < &__setup_end);
        return 0;
}

static unsigned long preset_lpj;
static int __init lpj_setup(char *str)
{
        preset_lpj = simple_strtoul(str,NULL,0);
        return 1;
}

__setup("lpj=", lpj_setup);

/*
 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
 */
unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);

EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);

#ifdef ARCH_HAS_READ_CURRENT_TIMER

/* This routine uses the read_current_timer() routine and gets the
 * loops per jiffy directly, instead of guessing it using delay().
 * Also, this code tries to handle non-maskable asynchronous events
 * (like SMIs)
 */
#define DELAY_CALIBRATION_TICKS                 ((HZ < 100) ? 1 : (HZ/100))
#define MAX_DIRECT_CALIBRATION_RETRIES          5

static unsigned long __devinit calibrate_delay_direct(void)
{
        unsigned long pre_start, start, post_start;
        unsigned long pre_end, end, post_end;
        unsigned long start_jiffies;
        unsigned long tsc_rate_min, tsc_rate_max;
        unsigned long good_tsc_sum = 0;
        unsigned long good_tsc_count = 0;
        unsigned long delay_calibration_ticks = ((REAL_HZ < 100) ? 1 : (REAL_HZ/100));
        int i;

        if (read_current_timer(&pre_start) < 0 )
                return 0;

        /*
         * A simple loop like
         *      while ( jiffies < start_jiffies+1)
         *              start = read_current_timer();
         * will not do. As we don't really know whether jiffy switch
         * happened first or timer_value was read first. And some asynchronous
         * event can happen between these two events introducing errors in lpj.
         *
         * So, we do
         * 1. pre_start <- When we are sure that jiffy switch hasn't happened
         * 2. check jiffy switch
         * 3. start <- timer value before or after jiffy switch
         * 4. post_start <- When we are sure that jiffy switch has happened
         *
         * Note, we don't know anything about order of 2 and 3.
         * Now, by looking at post_start and pre_start difference, we can
         * check whether any asynchronous event happened or not
         */

        for (i = 0; i < MAX_DIRECT_CALIBRATION_RETRIES; i++) {
                pre_start = 0;
                read_current_timer(&start);
                start_jiffies = jiffies;
                while (jiffies <= (start_jiffies + tick_divider)) {
                        pre_start = start;
                        read_current_timer(&start);
                }
                read_current_timer(&post_start);

                pre_end = 0;
                end = post_start;
                while (jiffies <=
                       (start_jiffies + tick_divider *
                       (1 + delay_calibration_ticks))) {
                        pre_end = end;
                        read_current_timer(&end);
                }
                read_current_timer(&post_end);

                tsc_rate_max = (post_end - pre_start) / delay_calibration_ticks;
                tsc_rate_min = (pre_end - post_start) / delay_calibration_ticks;

                tsc_rate_max /= tick_divider;
                tsc_rate_min /= tick_divider;

                /*
                 * If the upper limit and lower limit of the tsc_rate is
                 * >= 12.5% apart, redo calibration.
                 */
                if (pre_start != 0 && pre_end != 0 &&
                    (tsc_rate_max - tsc_rate_min) < (tsc_rate_max >> 3)) {
                        good_tsc_count++;
                        good_tsc_sum += tsc_rate_max;
                }
        }

        if (good_tsc_count)
                return (good_tsc_sum/good_tsc_count);

        printk(KERN_WARNING "calibrate_delay_direct() failed to get a good "
               "estimate for loops_per_jiffy.\nProbably due to long platform interrupts. Consider using \"lpj=\" boot option.\n");
        return 0;
}
#else
static unsigned long __devinit calibrate_delay_direct(void) {return 0;}
#endif

/*
 * This is the number of bits of precision for the loops_per_jiffy.  Each
 * bit takes on average 1.5/HZ seconds.  This (like the original) is a little
 * better than 1%
 */
#define LPS_PREC 8

void __devinit calibrate_delay(void)
{
        unsigned long ticks, loopbit;
        int lps_precision = LPS_PREC;

        if (preset_lpj) {
                loops_per_jiffy = preset_lpj;
                printk("Calibrating delay loop (skipped)... "
                        "%lu.%02lu BogoMIPS preset\n",
                        loops_per_jiffy/(500000/HZ),
                        (loops_per_jiffy/(5000/HZ)) % 100);
        } else if ((loops_per_jiffy = calibrate_delay_direct()) != 0) {
                printk("Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. ");
                printk("%lu.%02lu BogoMIPS (lpj=%lu)\n",
                        loops_per_jiffy/(500000/HZ),
                        (loops_per_jiffy/(5000/HZ)) % 100,
                        loops_per_jiffy);
        } else {
                loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);

                printk(KERN_DEBUG "Calibrating delay loop... ");
                while ((loops_per_jiffy <<= 1) != 0) {
                        /* wait for "start of" clock tick */
                        ticks = jiffies;
                        while (ticks == jiffies)
                                /* nothing */;
                        /* Go .. */
                        ticks = jiffies;
                        __delay(loops_per_jiffy);
                        ticks = jiffies - ticks;
                        if (ticks)
                                break;
                }

                /*
                 * Do a binary approximation to get loops_per_jiffy set to
                 * equal one clock (up to lps_precision bits)
                 */
                loops_per_jiffy >>= 1;
                loopbit = loops_per_jiffy;
                while (lps_precision-- && (loopbit >>= 1)) {
                        loops_per_jiffy |= loopbit;
                        ticks = jiffies;
                        while (ticks == jiffies)
                                /* nothing */;
                        ticks = jiffies;
                        __delay(loops_per_jiffy);
                        if (jiffies != ticks)   /* longer than 1 tick */
                                loops_per_jiffy &= ~loopbit;
                }

                /* Round the value and print it */
                printk("%lu.%02lu BogoMIPS (lpj=%lu)\n",
                        loops_per_jiffy/(500000/HZ),
                        (loops_per_jiffy/(5000/HZ)) % 100,
                        loops_per_jiffy);
        }

}

static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
{
        if (*str)
                return 0;
        console_loglevel = 10;
        return 1;
}

static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
{
        if (*str)
                return 0;
        console_loglevel = 4;
        return 1;
}

__setup("debug", debug_kernel);
__setup("quiet", quiet_kernel);

/*
 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
 * failed parameters
 */
static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val)
{
        /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
        if (val) {
                if (val[-1] == '"') val[-2] = '=';
                else val[-1] = '=';
        }

        /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
        if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
                return 0;

        /*
         * Preemptive maintenance for "why didn't my mispelled command
         * line work?"
         */
        if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val)) {
                printk(KERN_ERR "Unknown boot option `%s': ignoring\n", param);
                return 0;
        }

        if (panic_later)
                return 0;

        if (val) {
                /* Environment option */
                unsigned int i;
                for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
                        if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
                                panic_later = "Too many boot env vars at `%s'";
                                panic_param = param;
                        }
                        if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
                                break;
                }
                envp_init[i] = param;
        } else {
                /* Command line option */
                unsigned int i;
                for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
                        if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
                                panic_later = "Too many boot init vars at `%s'";
                                panic_param = param;
                        }
                }
                argv_init[i] = param;
        }
        return 0;
}

static int __init init_setup(char *str)
{
        unsigned int i;

        execute_command = str;
        /*
         * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
         * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
         * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
         * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
         */
        for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
                argv_init[i] = NULL;
        return 1;
}
__setup("init=", init_setup);

extern void setup_arch(char **);
extern void cpu_idle(void);

#ifndef CONFIG_SMP

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
static void __init smp_init(void)
{
        APIC_init_uniprocessor();
}
#else
#define smp_init()      do { } while (0)
#endif

static inline void setup_per_cpu_areas(void) { }
static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }

#else

#ifdef __GENERIC_PER_CPU
unsigned long __per_cpu_offset[NR_CPUS];

EXPORT_SYMBOL(__per_cpu_offset);

static void __init setup_per_cpu_areas(void)
{
        unsigned long size, i;
        char *ptr;
        /* Created by linker magic */
        extern char __per_cpu_start[], __per_cpu_end[];

        /* Copy section for each CPU (we discard the original) */
        size = ALIGN(__per_cpu_end - __per_cpu_start, SMP_CACHE_BYTES);
#ifdef CONFIG_MODULES
        if (size < PERCPU_ENOUGH_ROOM)
                size = PERCPU_ENOUGH_ROOM;
#endif

        ptr = alloc_bootmem(size * NR_CPUS);

        for (i = 0; i < NR_CPUS; i++, ptr += size) {
                __per_cpu_offset[i] = ptr - __per_cpu_start;
                memcpy(ptr, __per_cpu_start, __per_cpu_end - __per_cpu_start);
        }
}
#endif /* !__GENERIC_PER_CPU */

/* Called by boot processor to activate the rest. */
static void __init smp_init(void)
{
        unsigned int i;

        /* FIXME: This should be done in userspace --RR */
        for_each_present_cpu(i) {
                if (num_online_cpus() >= max_cpus)
                        break;
                if (!cpu_online(i))
                        cpu_up(i);
        }

        /* Any cleanup work */
        printk("Brought up %ld CPUs\n", (long)num_online_cpus());
        smp_cpus_done(max_cpus);
#if 0
        /* Get other processors into their bootup holding patterns. */

        smp_threads_ready=1;
        smp_commence();
#endif
}

#endif

/*
 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
 * cpu_idle.
 *
 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
 */

static void noinline rest_init(void)
{
        kernel_thread(init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
        numa_default_policy();
        system_state = SYSTEM_BOOTING_SCHEDULER_OK;
        unlock_kernel();
        cpu_idle();
} 

/* Check for early params. */
static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val)
{
        struct obs_kernel_param *p;
        extern struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start, __setup_end;

        for (p = &__setup_start; p < &__setup_end; p++) {
                if (p->early && strcmp(param, p->str) == 0) {
                        if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
                                printk(KERN_WARNING
                                       "Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
                }
        }
        /* We accept everything at this stage. */
        return 0;
}

/* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
void __init parse_early_param(void)
{
        static __initdata int done = 0;
        static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];

        if (done)
                return;

        /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
        strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, saved_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
        parse_args("early options", tmp_cmdline, NULL, 0, do_early_param);
        done = 1;
}

/*
 *      Activate the first processor.
 */

asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
{
        char * command_line;
        extern struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
/*
 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
 * enable them
 */
        lock_kernel();
        page_address_init();
        printk(linux_banner);
        setup_arch(&command_line);
        setup_per_cpu_areas();

        /*
         * Mark the boot cpu "online" so that it can call console drivers in
         * printk() and can access its per-cpu storage.
         */
        smp_prepare_boot_cpu();

        /*
         * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
         * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
         * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
         */
        sched_init();
        build_all_zonelists();
        page_alloc_init();
        printk("Kernel command line: %s\n", saved_command_line);
        parse_early_param();
        parse_args("Booting kernel", command_line, __start___param,
                   __stop___param - __start___param,
                   &unknown_bootoption);
        sort_main_extable();
        trap_init();
        rcu_init();
        init_IRQ();
        pidhash_init();
        init_timers();
        softirq_init();
        time_init();

        /*
         * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
         * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
         * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
         */
        console_init();
        if (panic_later)
                panic(panic_later, panic_param);
        profile_init();
        local_irq_enable();
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
        if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
                        initrd_start < min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT) {
                printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "
                    "disabling it.\n",initrd_start,min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT);
                initrd_start = 0;
        }
#endif
        vfs_caches_init_early();
        mem_init();
        kmem_cache_init();
        numa_policy_init();
        if (late_time_init)
                late_time_init();
        calibrate_delay();
        pidmap_init();
        pgtable_cache_init();
        prio_tree_init();
        anon_vma_init();
#ifdef CONFIG_X86
        if (efi_enabled)
                efi_enter_virtual_mode();
#endif
        fork_init(num_physpages);
        proc_caches_init();
        buffer_init();
        unnamed_dev_init();
        key_init();
        security_scaffolding_startup();
        vfs_caches_init(num_physpages);
        radix_tree_init();
        signals_init();
        /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
        page_writeback_init();
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
        proc_root_init();
#endif
        check_bugs();

        acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */

        /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
        rest_init();
}

static int __initdata initcall_debug;

static int __init initcall_debug_setup(char *str)
{
        initcall_debug = 1;
        return 1;
}
__setup("initcall_debug", initcall_debug_setup);

struct task_struct *child_reaper = &init_task;

extern initcall_t __initcall_start, __initcall_end;

static void __init do_initcalls(void)
{
        initcall_t *call;
        int count = preempt_count();

        for (call = &__initcall_start; call < &__initcall_end; call++) {
                char *msg;

                if (initcall_debug) {
                        printk(KERN_DEBUG "Calling initcall 0x%p", *call);
                        print_fn_descriptor_symbol(": %s()",
                                                   (unsigned long) *call);
                        printk("\n");
                }

                (*call)();

                msg = NULL;
                if (preempt_count() != count) {
                        msg = "preemption imbalance";
                        preempt_count() = count;
                }
                if (irqs_disabled()) {
                        msg = "disabled interrupts";
                        local_irq_enable();
                }
                if (msg) {
                        printk("error in initcall at 0x%p: "
                                "returned with %s\n", *call, msg);
                }
        }

        /* Make sure there is no pending stuff from the initcall sequence */
        flush_scheduled_work();
}

/*
 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
 * running, and memory and process management works.
 *
 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
 */
static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
{
        /* drivers will send hotplug events */
        init_workqueues();
        usermodehelper_init();

        driver_init();

#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
        sysctl_init();
#endif

        /* Networking initialization needs a process context */ 
        sock_init();

        do_initcalls();
}

static void do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
{
        extern int spawn_ksoftirqd(void);
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
        extern int migration_init(void);

        migration_init();
#endif
        spawn_ksoftirqd();
}

static void run_init_process(char *init_filename)
{
        argv_init[0] = init_filename;
        execve(init_filename, argv_init, envp_init);
}

static inline void fixup_cpu_present_map(void)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
        int i;

        /*
         * If arch is not hotplug ready and did not populate
         * cpu_present_map, just make cpu_present_map same as cpu_possible_map
         * for other cpu bringup code to function as normal. e.g smp_init() etc.
         */
        if (cpus_empty(cpu_present_map)) {
                for_each_cpu(i) {
                        cpu_set(i, cpu_present_map);
                }
        }
#endif
}

static int init(void * unused)
{
        lock_kernel();
        /*
         * Tell the world that we're going to be the grim
         * reaper of innocent orphaned children.
         *
         * We don't want people to have to make incorrect
         * assumptions about where in the task array this
         * can be found.
         */
        child_reaper = current;

        /* Sets up cpus_possible() */
        smp_prepare_cpus(max_cpus);

        do_pre_smp_initcalls();

        fixup_cpu_present_map();
        smp_init();

        /*
         * Do this before initcalls, because some drivers want to access
         * firmware files.
         */
        populate_rootfs();

        do_basic_setup();

        sched_init_smp();

        /*
         * check if there is an early userspace init.  If yes, let it do all
         * the work
         */
        if (sys_access((const char __user *) "/init", 0) == 0)
                execute_command = "/init";
        else
                prepare_namespace();

        /*
         * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
         * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
         * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
         */
        free_initmem();
        unlock_kernel();
        system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
        numa_default_policy();

        if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
                printk("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");

        (void) sys_dup(0);
        (void) sys_dup(0);
        
        /*
         * We try each of these until one succeeds.
         *
         * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are 
         * trying to recover a really broken machine.
         */

        if (execute_command)
                run_init_process(execute_command);

        run_init_process("/sbin/init");
        run_init_process("/etc/init");
        run_init_process("/bin/init");
        run_init_process("/bin/sh");

        panic("No init found.  Try passing init= option to kernel.");
}

static int early_param_test(char *rest)
{
        printk("early_parm_test: %s\n", rest ?: "(null)");
        return rest ? 0 : -EINVAL;
}
early_param("testsetup", early_param_test);
static int early_setup_test(char *rest)
{
        printk("early_setup_test: %s\n", rest ?: "(null)");
        return 0;
}
__setup("testsetup_long", early_setup_test);